Political scientists have conventionally assumed that achieving democracy is a one-way ratchet. Only very recently has the question of ‘democratic backsliding’ attracted any research attention. We argue that democratic instability is best understood with tools from complexity science. The explanatory power of complexity science arises from several features of complex systems. Their relevance in the context of democracy is discussed. Several policy recommen- dations are offered to help stabilize current systems of representative democracy.

Automatized scalable healthcare support solutions allow real-time 24/7 health monitoring of patients, prioritizing medical treatment according to health conditions, reducing medical appointments in clinics and hospitals, and enabling easy exchange of information among healthcare professionals. With recent health safety guidelines due to the COVID-19 pandemic, protecting the elderly has become imperative. However, state-of-the-art health wearable device platforms present limitations in hardware, parameter estimation algorithms, and software architecture. This paper proposes a complete framework for health systems composed of multi-sensor wearable health (...) devices, high-resolution parameter estimation, and real-time monitoring applications. The framework is appropriate for real-time monitoring of elderly patients' health without physical contact with healthcare professionals, maintaining safety standards. The hardware includes sensors for monitoring steps, pulse oximetry, heart rate, and temperature using low-power wireless communication. In terms of parameter estimation, the embedded circuit uses high-resolution signal processing algorithms that result in an improved measure of the HR. The proposed high-resolution signal processing-based approach outperforms state-of-the-art HR estimation measurements using the photoplethysmography sensor. (shrink)

The coronavirus disease pandemic fundamentally disrupted humans’ social life and behavior. Public health measures may have inadvertently impacted how people care for each other. This study investigated prosocial behavior, its association well-being, and predictors of prosocial behavior during the first COVID-19 pandemic lockdown and sought to understand whether region-specific differences exist. Participants from eight regions clustering multiple countries around the world responded to a cross-sectional online-survey investigating the psychological consequences of the first upsurge of lockdowns in spring 2020. Prosocial behavior (...) was reported to occur frequently. Multiple regression analyses showed that prosocial behavior was associated with better well-being consistently across regions. With regard to predictors of prosocial behavior, high levels of perceived social support were most strongly associated with prosocial behavior, followed by high levels of perceived stress, positive affect and psychological flexibility. Sociodemographic and psychosocial predictors of prosocial behavior were similar across regions. (shrink)

The US neutrino community gathered at the Workshop on the Intermediate Neutrino Program at Brookhaven National Laboratory February 4-6, 2015 to explore opportunities in neutrino physics over the next five to ten years. Scientists from particle, astroparticle and nuclear physics participated in the workshop. The workshop examined promising opportunities for neutrino physics in the intermediate term, including possible new small to mid-scale experiments, US contributions to large experiments, upgrades to existing experiments, R&D plans and theory. The workshop was organized into (...) two sets of parallel working group sessions, divided by physics topics and technology. Physics working groups covered topics on Sterile Neutrinos, Neutrino Mixing, Neutrino Interactions, Neutrino Properties and Astrophysical Neutrinos. Technology sessions were organized into Theory, Short-Baseline Accelerator Neutrinos, Reactor Neutrinos, Detector R&D and Source, Cyclotron and Meson Decay at Rest sessions.This report summarizes discussion and conclusions from the workshop. (shrink)

© 2016 Regents of the University of California.The Review summarizes much of particle physics and cosmology. Using data from previous editions, plus 3,062 new measurements from 721 papers, we list, evaluate, and average measured properties of gauge bosons and the recently discovered Higgs boson, leptons, quarks, mesons, and baryons. We summarize searches for hypothetical particles such as supersymmetric particles, heavy bosons, axions, dark photons, etc. All the particle properties and search limits are listed in Summary Tables. We also give numerous (...) tables, figures, formulae, and reviews of topics such as Higgs Boson Physics, Supersymmetry, Grand Unified Theories, Neutrino Mixing, Dark Energy, Dark Matter, Cosmology, Particle Detectors, Colliders, Probability and Statistics. Among the 117 reviews are many that are new or heavily revised, including those on Pentaquarks and Inflation. The complete Review is published online in a journal and on the website of the Particle Data Group. The printed PDG Book contains the Summary Tables and all review articles but no longer includes the detailed tables from the Particle Listings. A Booklet with the Summary Tables and abbreviated versions of some of the review articles is also available. (shrink)

Este estudo tem como objetivo conhecer as concepções de homem presentes na bibliografia utilizada pelas disciplinas de Psicologia Clínica das universidades gaúchas. Com esse intuito procedeu-se, inicialmente, a uma revisão bibliográfica sobre as formas de concepção de homem ao longo da história da humanidade, chegando-se à Idade Moderna e ao advento da Psicologia como ciência. Através da análise qualitativa dos planos de ensino de 11 universidades gaúchas, pode-se inferir que a concepção de homem predominante na Psicologia Clínica, como disciplina acadêmica, (...) é a concepção própria da Psicanálise.This article aims to know the concepts of man that can be found in the bibliography used in courses of clinical psychology in universities of Rio Grande do Sul. As a first step, we went through a bibliographical survey about the ways man has been comprehended along history up to Modern Age and the advent of Psychology as science. From the qualitative analysis of the teaching plans of eleven universities of Rio Grande do Sul, it is possible to infer that the psychoanalytical concept of man is the predominant conception found in clinical psychology as an academic discipline. (shrink)

Ratom pʻilosopʻia, rogorcʻ kritikuli azrovnebis gamocʻdileba -- Kritikuli azrovnebis metʻodis żiritʻadi kitʻxvebi -- Kritikuli azrovnebis metʻodis żiritʻadi debulebebi.

Influence of social culture change to the human development in Vietnam.

Seit dem Beginn meines philosophischen Forschens vor vielen Jahren begleitet mich die Problematik von Vierfachstrukturen in den Philosophien der Menschheit. Während meine Aufmerksamkeit zunächst vor allem auf viergliedrige Aussagemuster gerichtet war - der schriftliche Niederschlag davon liegt als dickes Buch vor –, sah ich es, angeregt und bestätigt durch Funde von Materialien in Quellentexten, zunehmend als erforderlich an, die genannten Urteils- und Prädikationsformen bzw. -formeln im mir zunächst unerklärlichen Zusammenhang mit vier Elementen, und wie ich heute weiß, den vier Elementen (...) des sich selbst reflektierenden und auslegenden Verstandes zu bedenken. Ich habe mein geistiges Ringen um den Fragekomplex, der daraus erwächst, unter das Leitwort »Tetralogos« gestellt, wobei sich der Schwerpunkt allmählich hin zur Geistmetaphysik, einer in der modernen Gelehrtenwelt allgemein als veraltet angesehenen Disziplin, verschob. Die Antworten, die daraus erwachsen, sollen irgendwann in einem weiteren der bis zum zweiten Band realisierten Tetralogie meiner Hauptwerke zusammengefaßt werden. (shrink)

Influence of social culture change to the human development in Vietnam.

Monografii︠a︡ posvi︠a︡shchena tvorchestvu Petra Evgenʹevicha Astafʹeva (1846-1893), zamechatelʹnogo russkogo filosofa, psikhologa i publit︠s︡ista iz plei︠a︡dy mysliteleĭ kont︠s︡a XIX veka -- "zolotogo veka" russkoĭ kulʹtury. V knige detalʹno rassmotreny osnovnye dostizhenii︠a︡ P.E. Astafʹeva, svi︠a︡zannye s obosnovaniem spiritualisticheskogo mirovozzrenii︠a︡: ego uchenie o dukhovnoĭ lichnosti i svobode voli, paradoksalʹnai︠a︡ traktovka chuvstva li︠u︡bvi, originalʹnai︠a︡ kont︠s︡ept︠s︡ii︠a︡ "bessoznatelʹnogo", predstavlenie o vere cheloveka v sebi︠a︡ kak pochve estestvennogo bogopoznanii︠a︡ i t.d. V edinstve s filosofsko-psikhologicheskim ucheniem P.E. Astafʹeva rassmotrena ego publit︠s︡istika (vkli︠u︡chai︠a︡ novyĭ i gluboko aktualʹnyĭ variant "troĭstvennoĭ (...) formuly") i namechena vozmozhnostʹ metafizicheskogo ponimanii︠a︡ nat︠s︡ionalʹnoĭ prirody cheloveka. V prilozhenii︠a︡ k knige vkli︠u︡cheny dva ėti︠u︡da avtora, posvi︠a︡shchennye poni︠a︡tii︠a︡m narodnosti i sobornosti. (shrink)

Seit dem Beginn meines philosophischen Forschens vor vielen Jahren begleitet mich die Problematik von Vierfachstrukturen in den Philosophien der Menschheit. Während meine Aufmerksamkeit zunächst vor allem auf viergliedrige Aussagemuster gerichtet war - der schriftliche Niederschlag davon liegt als dickes Buch vor –, sah ich es, angeregt und bestätigt durch Funde von Materialien in Quellentexten, zunehmend als erforderlich an, die genannten Urteils- und Prädikationsformen bzw. -formeln im mir zunächst unerklärlichen Zusammenhang mit vier Elementen, und wie ich heute weiß, den vier Elementen (...) des sich selbst reflektierenden und auslegenden Verstandes zu bedenken. Ich habe mein geistiges Ringen um den Fragekomplex, der daraus erwächst, unter das Leitwort »Tetralogos« gestellt, wobei sich der Schwerpunkt allmählich hin zur Geistmetaphysik, einer in der modernen Gelehrtenwelt allgemein als veraltet angesehenen Disziplin, verschob. Die Antworten, die daraus erwachsen, sollen irgendwann in einem weiteren der bis zum zweiten Band realisierten Tetralogie meiner Hauptwerke zusammengefaßt werden. (shrink)

The Brain Death Reconsidered – Is It a Tenable Concept? Since 1968 it has been recognized in the medical practice that irreversible coma connected with apnea can serve as a criterion of human death. This approach was first introduced in the so called Harvard Protocol. As a result of the work of this commission, the brain-based criteria of human death were quickly legally introduced in America and in most countries in the world. The only symptom on which death can be (...) pronounced is, according to this new definition, the absence of spontaneous brain function. However, the acceptance of the new definition of death did not eliminate the old one completely. In many states both old and new definitions of death are legally valid. Practically, in these countries the alternative definition of death functions alongside the old one and diagnosis of death can be based both on the cardiac/respiratory and brain symptoms. One of the few exceptions proved to be Japan. The law in this country does not provide a uniform answer to the question of what human death is. Instead, it allows people to choose between traditional death and brain death. The law states that if a person wants to be an organ donor after brain death has occurred, he or she must record that intention on a donor card or label beforehand. Those who object to brain death and transplantation do not need donor cards. They are considered to be alive until the heart stops beating. In this way the Japanese law respects the opinion of 20-40% of the society who do not believe in the brain death. The opinion of the same percentage of people in Western societies who oppose BD is ignored by their legal systems. Initially the concept of BD did not cause a lot of controversy but this situation changed in the nineties of the last century. Since then many authors have criticized the validity of the brain-based criteria of death. They maintain that it is impossible to declare the absence of all the functions of the whole brain on the basis of the clinical tests supposed to detect it. There may be present some level of consciousness in brain death (BD) patients and therefore, they may feel pain. It is significant that 27% of the members of the teams which perform the excision of the heart for transplantation think that they are killing a living person and that in many countries during this operation a normal general anesthesia is required because of the vivid reaction of the body of the patient. The opponents of the brain death theory stress that the accurate examination of the so-called brain dead persons shows the persistence of the functions of significant parts of their brains. There are EEG waves recorded in 20-40% of BD patients. Event related potentials (ERP) show the reaction to verbal and non-verbal stimuli and the hormone production by the brain tissue can be detected in many BD people. The proper treatment could not only significantly prolong lives of the BD patients, but around 60% of possible donors with the lowest result of 3 in Glasgow Coma Scale could be restored to normal life if their brain edema is properly treated. This treatment should be based on the therapeutic hypothermia connected with the application of the thyroid hormones, whose level is usually too low in the patients with the brain injury. There is a growing lack of consensus regarding the issue of brain death, especially among physicians. Some regard brain death as a biological one, some as the death of the person but not of the human body, and the rest, as a definition accepted by the society, which doesn’t require other legitimacy than the freely chosen criteria. The brain death concept is also criticized from the philosophical point of view. The strength of the brain death theory was based on the premise that the brain is the integrating center of the body. According to this argument, the death of the brain means that the organism ceases to exist for it is no longer a functioning whole. To this argument the opponents of the brain death concept say that this question is not a question a priori but an empirical one and that the empirical data validate the opposite opinion, which says that the bodies of brain dead patients are alive. Some widely known cases show that even the real death of the entire brain means the death of the body and, therefore, may not signify the death of a human person. The integration of the body is the function of the organism as a whole and not of a single organ, even if this organ is the brain. This point of view can be confirmed by the opinion of St. Thomas Aquinas who says that the soul is primarily and per se connected with the body as a whole as the proportionate perfectible and only secondarily with the parts of the body, according to their ordination to the whole. So, the death of any single organ does not preclude the union of the soul with the rest of the body as a living whole. Moreover, the terms such as “consciousness” and “person” should not be identified. The term such as “human living nonpersons”, proposed by some bioethicists and referring to the people without consciousness has not been accepted in the official documents concerning BD. Bodies of the BD people are alive, therefore, it is not right to use the term “brain death” to describe the state of these patients, but rather the term “brain failure” should be used. As the result, according to some authors, the dead donor rule should be abolished. The Catholic Church stresses the sacredness of the human life from the beginning to the end. Therefore She requires that there be no doubts that the donor in BD is really dead. Because of the lack of consensus among physicians, philosophers and theologians, the popes John Paul II and Benedict XVI decided to continue the scientific research and discussion concerning BD between the representatives of various disciplines. Keywords: brain death, brain edema, global ischemic penumbra, therapeutic hypothermia, consciousness, person, substantial form. (shrink)

Este artigo baseia-se na ideia de que em qualquer tipo de diálogo os interlocutores estão marcados pela sua própria cultura/identidade. E também assim é no caso do diálogo inter-religioso. A cultura/identidade é o contexto existencial básico a partir do qual as pessoas entendem, questionam e interpretam as suas vidas, pelo que não pode ser ignorado. A necessidade de trabalhar no desenvolvimento das competências interculturais e na sensibilidade cultural surge como um ponto de partida fundamental para avançar neste tipo de diálogo. (...) This article is based on the idea that in any kind of dialogue the partners are marked by their own culture/identity. This is also the case of inter-religious dialogue. Culture/identity is the basic existential context from which people understand, raise questions and interpret their lives, can't be ignored. There is a need to work on developing cultural sensitivity and intercultural competencies as a fundamental starting point to advance in this type of dialogue. (shrink)

Der Begriff “Wille zum Sinn” ist bei Frankl ein Schlüsselbegriff. Frankl überschritt die Grenzen der Psychologie, um die menschliche Existenz besser zu verstehen, die Einzigartigkeit der Person des Menschen, seine Freiheit und, wie er es selber benennt, sein “noogenes Wesensniveau”. Er stellt sich die existenzielle Frage, die der Mensch sich selber stellt. Um den Begriff “Wille zum Sinn” besser zu verstehen, brauchen wir eine breitere Erklärung. Da ist der Wille, das Streben, die Bemühung des Menschen um eine sinnvolle Existenz. Der (...) Sinn betrifft die Objektivität, die entdeckt werden soll. Weder gibt der Mensch sich den Sinn noch bildet er ihn sich selber. Der Mensch ist auf der Suche nach dem Sinn. Den Sinn entdeckt der Mensch mit Hilfe des Gewissens. Deshalb ist es nötig, ein Bemühen um die Kultivierung des Gewissens anzustreben. Die Frage nach dem Sinn stellt nicht der Mensch, sondern das Leben selbst. Das Leben fragt den Menschen in der Form der Wirklichkeiten. Eine Antwort des Menschen ist ein Übernehmen von Verantwortlichkeit. Der Sinn ist einzigartig und unwiederholbar. Das rührt her von der Einzig_artigkeit der Person und der Einmaligkeit der Situation. Der Sinn des Lebens ist in Bezug auf das Ziel. Der Mensch glaubt an den Sinn, ob er sich dessen bewu t ist oder nicht. Alles im Leben des Menschen hat einen grö eren Sinn. Das Leben kann sinnvoll durch die Arbeit werden, wenn diese Arbeit nicht egozentrisch ausgeführt wird. Einen Sinn des Lebens kann dem menschlichen Leben auch ein Erlebnis vermitteln oder gar ein Erlebnis der Liebe, welches das wertvollste Erlebnis dar_stellt. Dem menschlichen Leben kann man einen Sinn nicht nur durch Arbeiten und Erleben geben, sondern auch durch eine Fähigkeit zum Leiden, wenn der Mensch eine gute und menschenwürdige Position in der Situation des Leidens und des Schmerzes einnimmt. Mi erfolg des Lebens, Mangel an Lust oder an positiven Erlebnissen sind kein Zeichen für Sinnlosigkeit. (shrink)

SummaryRussell's vicious‐circle principle is an endeavour to express a general principle of mathematics which, as the author feels, is fundamental for mathematics. This principle, in a sense warranty of formal consistency, interdicts in some form or other the selfapplication of mathematical entities. It is shown that the VCP is a vicious‐circle fallacy; that, although it can't be given an expression which is simultaneously formal and generally valid, it is generally presupposed by mathematics as far as a consistent formalism is concerned; (...) that this paradoxical situation refers to an essentially informal and non‐mathematical domain which forms a necessary condition for mathematics, but can't exhaustively be expressed in any mathematical formalism. Finally the distinction between semantical and syntactical import and the character of negation are restated in view of these results.RésuméLe principe du cercle vicieux de Russell a, selon l'auteur, une portée générale et fondamentale en mathématiques: il interdit, sous quelque forme que ce soit, lapos;application dapos;entités mathématiques à elles‐mêmes. Ce principe est équivalent au paradoxe de Russell; on ne peut pas le formaliser sous peine de compromettre sa validite universelle, et pourtant il constitue une présupposition de tout formalisme qui veut éviter la contradiction. Cette situation paradoxale nous renvoie à un domaine essentiellement in‐formel et non‐mathématique, qui embrasse le formalisme mathématique, en constitue une condition nécessaire, mais ne peut être exprimé dans aucun formalisme dapos;une manière exhaustive. Finalement le problème logique de la négation et celui de la distinction entre les rapports sémantiques et syntactiques sont repris à la lumière de ces résultats.ZusammenfassungRussells Zirkelprinzip ist der Versuch, ein allgemeingültiges Prinzip der Mathematik auszudrücken, das, wie der Verfasser meint, von grundsätzlicher Bedeutung ist. Dieses Prinzip, das in einem gewissen Sinne die formale Widerspruchsfreiheit verbürgt, verbietet die Selbstbezüglichkeit mathematischer Entitäten. Der Artikel zeigt, dass es mit Russells Paradox äquivalent ist, und dass es eine allgemeine Voraussetzung der Mathematik als eines konsistenten Formalismus darstellt, obwohl man ihm selbst keinen zugleich allgemeingültigen und formellen Ausdruck geben kann; es wird des weiteren gezeigt, dass diese paradoxale Situation auf ein wesentlich informelles und nicht‐mathematisches Gebiet verweist, das eine notwendige Bedingung für die Mathematik darstellt, jedoch selber nicht erschöpfend im Formalismus dargestellt werden kann. Schliesslich werden a) die Unterscheidung zwischen semantischen und syntakti‐schen Beziehungen und b) die Negation im Lichte dieser Ergebnisse neu überdacht. (shrink)

1. T'oegye wa Hip'ok'ŭrat'esŭ ka mannagi kkaji -- 2. Taehwa e ch'amyŏ hasin pundŭl -- 3. Che 1-il. 'Kojŏn muksang' : kijon ŭi palgyŏndŭl ŭl ch'ulbalchŏm ŭro samaya -- 4. Che 2-il. 'Chonjaeron': mom an ŭi param ŭn hohŭp, mom pak ŭi param ŭn konggi -- 5. Che 3-il. 'Chŏngsŏ haengdongnon': chari ŭi ch'ai ro inhae sŏro tarŭda -- 6. Che 4-il. 'Kongburon': chonjae haji annŭn ŭisul ŭn ŏpta -- 7. Che 5-il. 'Chihaengnon': maŭm i p'yŏnhaji anŭl ttae nŭn han (...) kŏrŭm kŏrŏra -- 8. Che 6-il. 'Yulliron': kajang hullyunghan ŭihak ŭn ŭihak ŭl p'iryo ro haji ank'e hanŭn kŏt -- 9. Che 7-il. 'Chilli nŭn kat'ŭn kot e': modŭn kŏt ŭi sijak kwa kkŭt ŭn hana ida -- 10. Hip'ok'ŭrat'esŭ myŏngŏndŭl. (shrink)

This first volume of Heidegger’s Gesamtausgabe reprints his 1972 collection of the same title, but with some additions. The 1972 edition contained three works: his doctoral dissertation on "The Theory of Judgment in Psychologism", the habilitation work on "Duns Scotus’s Theory of Categories and Meaning", and the lecture on "The Concept of Time in Historical Science". The present volume adds the article "The Problem of Reality in Modern Philosophy" and the long review "New Research on Logic," both from 1912, as (...) well as shorter book reviews from 1913-14. The new volume also prints eleven notes—none of them of great importance—which the young Heidegger jotted down in the margins of the original publications. Perhaps the note on "das Gelten" on p. 166 is the most useful. The title pages reproduce Heidegger’s handwritten dedication of the Gesamtausgabe to his wife, as well as the subtitle he gave to the entire endeavor a few days before he died: "Wege—nicht Werke," "Pathways—not Works.". (shrink)

Maʼamar "Hatsileni mi-pezur ha-nefesh": a praḳṭishe hilf far meḥankhim, elṭern, mener un froyen ... -- Derashat hitḥazḳut be-ʻinyan "ahavat ḥaverim" -- Yalḳuṭ igrot u-mikhtavim : liḳuṭ amarim u-khetavim, ratsuf be-tokham niṭfe ḥizuḳ ... .

The question of form and content is one of the fundamental questions of esthetics and the theory of art. However, it remains unresolved in many respects. Certain of its aspects still have not been investigated, and others have been treated only very sketchily.